Denotation by Sense and Reference
نویسنده
چکیده
The notion of reference as entailment in the common ground provides a uniied framework for the treatment of denotation by names, deenite descriptions, and pronouns, including anaphors. Within this framework, semantic and pragmatic considerations are combined, giving two kinds of proof of denotation, by sense and by reference, for references to individuals which are and aren't already in the common ground. Diierent referring expressions such as names and pronouns are distinguished by their use to refer to more or less salient individuals in the common ground, which is structured by the discourse. The common ground is a construct distinguished from both the real world and the real beliefs of conversants. This property, together with the distinction between denotation by sense and reference, means that the notion of reference as entailment in the common ground extends naturally to intensional contexts, such as attitude reports.
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